فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیای انسانی
پیاپی 78 (زمستان 1390)

What is the nature of geopolitics? Like most other disciplines, the history of geopolitics is dominated by such fundamental and abstract questions. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how we can avoid such positivistic questions. In this paper our fundamental premise is that "what is" can’t reveal the whole story and nature of geopolitics. As Derrida notes, this question is the instituting question of western philosophy. Geopolitics as many have noted, is a term which is difficult to define. In conventional academic understandings, geopolitics concerns the geography of international politics, particularly the relationship between the physical environment and the conduct of foreign policy. Within political geography, the geopolitical tradition has long been opposed by a tradition of such positivistic approach. Needless to say such approach is basically problematic. Geography and geopolitics are very discursive and not separate from the social and, political and ideological dimensions of international politics. Geography is a social and historical discourse which is always bound up with questions of politics and ideology. Here we do avoid from traditional understandings of geography and geopolitics and have not eagerness to address any kind of definitions. There is no need to do so. As Foucault said; there is a will to essentiality which one should mistrust. By avoiding essentiality in geopolitics we mean it is much better to follow dialectical approaches to deal with geopolitical situations and problematic. The best title for such dealing with is geopolitics from a new perspective: decentralizing power/knowledge

Methodologically the critical approaches including; Hermeneutics, discourse analysis, genealogy and archaeology of knowledge has been applied.

Applying the hermeneutics approach and discourse analysis we are suggesting what geopolitics does not include rather than what is the nature of geopolitics. In fact we want to understand geopolitics according to interpretation rather than explanation. In this point of view geopolitics is no longer the practice of states and state-centric discipline. The concept of power is not just inside the structure of the state. The idea that all conflicts can be resolved in the notion of nation-state is nothing but what Lyotard called meta-narrative. Of course the concept of territory does still matter in geopolitics but social, economic and political life cannot be ontologically contained within the territorial boundaries of states through the methodological assumption of time-less space. The question of sovereignty, security and identity in the era of globalization is very challengeable. Also we are addressing that the concept of space is relative rather than absolute. It has shown that the term 'space' may be treated in a variety of ways and that the concept of space is itself multidimensional.

Deconstructionist and displacing approach of Geopolitics does not directly answer the question "what is" Geopolitics. As Derrida notes, this question is the instituting question of western philosophy. De-centralizing approach tends to displace and deconstruct this question to problematize its limits and conditions of possibility.

Today in Construction of cities and determining their geographical extremities paid to city and regional balance, coordinated urban and rural relationships, spatial balance and balance of human and environment. Creation and growth of sprawl in urban areas with long geographic extremities in regions of my country, disappears balances where villages are scattered and organizational relationships between urban and rural areas does not exist. Planning’s must been distributed to follow the physical, economic, humanity properties on all the area cities and short limbs ranging from murals, Until harmonious and balanced relationship with all the urban area is preserved. Methodology of research is comparative-analytical, Marand country and Marand city are geographic area of this study. Required information collected from the SCI, Management and Planning Organization of East Azerbaijan province, Housing and Urban Development Organization in province, the governor and municipality of Marand city, and has been analyzed through demographic and economic models and computer software has been analyzed. Thus, the "Tensile model", "Location Quotient" and "Shift-Share Analysis" is used. In this paper, function of Marand city as middle city, in social, special and economic structure of Marand country have been studied, with using model of economic, population and spheres of influence. Models of population shifts Show increase in the special imbalance of country in over time. Based on the analysis population, this city can attract top people, especially from domain of country. System of population of country moves towards centralist with over time that is due to focus on facilities in the center of country. Checking tensile ratio, rates of immigration and growth rates the cities of Marand country, indicates that this country is immigrant transmitter, but the Marand city have power attract of population and its immigrants city, and transmission migratory phenomenon continues in rural settlements in country-level. Based on economic models in Marand city, two parts services and industry has based-economic conditions, and specially services sector in the employment in region and sphere of influence works successfully. Checking of shift-share analysis and Location Quotient model, shows that Marand city has service role in country-level in 1375-1385 course, and process increase the number of workers and shift-share analysis model shows strong growth in the service sector in Marand city so that study of increase rate employees in different parts of the Marand city and country indicate that industry and agriculture sectors in the period 1385 - 1375 has reduced in number of workers while the number of service workers has increased. Besides investing in medium-size city of Marand city must be attention to small towns like Koshksaray, Zenouz, Yamchy new Bonab and the periphery villages from providing services and infrastructure, resolve needs and deficiencies and creation of field in employment as until from this through, helped to comprehensive development with utilization of all capacities to Marand country. therefore it is necessary While giving the facilities and services at higher rates to Marand city and eliminate them deficiencies and proportion with population growth in various aspects, must be attention to small towns and villages around it in terms of creating employment opportunities and provide educational and therapeutic services such as high levels and clinic, until organic growth is obtained to a small town, medium city, big city and villages in whole system, and the field to create a balanced urban system be provided. While private investment in these areas and deprived areas, use from control policies and incentives to invest in these areas. The purpose of this paper is review the population - economic function middle city of Marand in space development- level. Population models show that only Marand city contains 80 percent of urban population into country and about 16 times larger than the second city. Also, only 50 percent of total city population is residing in the city of Marand. Marand city possess power tensile of population, while the tensile strength ratio has been lower or negative than other cities, also balance of migration in Marand city has been positive and in front of balance migration whole of country is negative. Economic models indicators that Marand city has services role and basic economic conditions and then industry sector contains a basic economics conditions, but also in the agricultural sector is component of non-basic economy in level of Marand city as well as country. review on spheres of influence from Marand city shows that a major part of the city's services dedicated to the sphere of influence and service needs for spheres of influence is first in importance, Besides investing in medium-size city of Marand city must be attention to small towns like Koshksaray, Zenouz, Yamchy new Bonab and them periphery villages from providing services and infrastructure, resolve needs and deficiencies and creation of field in employment as until from this through, helped to comprehensive development with utilization of all capacities to Marand country. Based on the analysis population, this city can attract top people, especially from domain of country. System of population of country moves towards centralist with over time that is due to focus on facilities in the center of country. Checking tensile ratio, rates of immigration and growth rates the cities of Marand country, indicates that this country is immigrant transmitter, but the Marand city have power attract of population and its immigrants city, and transmission migratory phenomenon continues in rural settlements in country-level. Based on economic models in Marand city, two parts services and industry has based-economic conditions, and specially services sector in the employment in region and sphere of influence works successfully. Checking of shift-share analysis and Location Quotient model, shows that Marand city has service role in country-level in 1375-1385 course, and process increase the number of workers and shift-share analysis model shows strong growth in the service sector in Marand city so that study of increase rate employees in different parts of the Marand city and country indicate that industry and agriculture sectors in the period 1385 - 1375 has reduced in number of workers while the number of service workers has increased. Besides investing in medium-size city of Marand city must be attention to small towns like Koshksaray, Zenouz, Yamchy new Bonab and the periphery villages from providing services and infrastructure, resolve needs and deficiencies and creation of field in employment as until from this through, helped to comprehensive development with utilization of all capacities to Marand country. Therefore it is necessary While giving the facilities and services at higher rates to Marand city and eliminate them deficiencies and proportion with population growth in various aspects, must be attention to small towns and villages around it in terms of creating employment opportunities and provide educational and therapeutic services such as high levels and clinic, until organic growth is obtained to a small town, medium city, big city and villages in whole system, and the field to create a balanced urban system be provided. While private investment in these areas and deprived areas, use from control policies and incentives to invest in these areas. The purpose of this paper is review the population - economic function middle city of Marand in space development- level. Population models show that only Marand city contains 80 percent of urban population into country and about 16 times larger than the second city. Also, only 50 percent of total city population is residing in the city of Marand. Marand city possess power tensile of population, while the tensile strength ratio has been lower or negative than other cities, also balance of migration in Marand city has been positive and in front of balance migration whole of country is negative. Economic models indicators that Marand city has services role and basic economic conditions and then industry sector contains a basic economics conditions, but also in the agricultural sector is component of non-basic economy in level of Marand city as well as country. review on spheres of influence from Marand city shows that a major part of the city's services dedicated to the sphere of influence and service needs for spheres of influence is first in importance, Besides investing in medium-size city of Marand city must be attention to small towns like Koshksaray, Zenouz, Yamchy new Bonab and them periphery villages from providing services and infrastructure, resolve needs and deficiencies and creation of field in employment as until from this through, helped to comprehensive development with utilization of all capacities to Marand country.

Organizing urban land use which is the principal part of urban planning can cause spatial suitability and land use efficiency. The expansion of the urban activities and presentation of discipline, ethics, law and order and supervision of municipal affairs considering the convolution of economic and social relation of the cities falls under certain fields of specialization. Regarding the increasing growth of population, equal distribution of service over any district of cities is a complicated issue which requires subtle studies in the field of either extant capacities and facilities and future needs-the needs which form the basis urban planning. To have a fair planning, it is important to, first, follow the land use planning which should be accomplished with regard to urban density and Percapita. From among the essential criteria of the distribution of urban planning, the role of climatic social and economic factors, and the compatibility of applications is very important. Besides, gender and age are the most significant criteria for determining the urban functions. This research which deals with urban land use evaluation of the city of Marivan performed through GIS software in a descriptive-analytical method with practical nature is to examine the amount consistency or the inconsistency of land uses and the problems of spatial arrangement in them. The aim of the research is the anticipation of the desirable condition delineated in the twenty year social-economical program of Iran and the method of land use distribution and suitability of constituency and inconsistency in the extent of the city. Marivan is a city located on the west of Kurdistan, between 35 and 31 northern and 46 and 12 eastern latitude respectively, about 128608 meters above the sea level. The structure of Marivan is divided into two districts and 12 quarters. Quarter 4 and northern parts of quarters 5, 6 and 9 belong to the shopping centers and are considered the only center of the town. This trapezoid-shaped center lies between Sarbaz square and Baveh intersection and from Sarbaz square to Baveh Rashid square (Imam Hossein) which is connected to Baveh intersection. Baveh Rashid square is considered the only center of the town. The structure of Marivan can be conceived of two types: systematic for new quarters and unsystematic for old mountain-foot quarters. The arrangement of the latter is as the result of slope and price of the land. This slope is sharper in the northern quarters (1, 2, 7, 8) wherein the population is larger. On the contrary, newly constructed quarters (11, 12) and southern parts of the quarters (5,6,10) are of lesser population because of out-of-area construction and the overheight of the the sold land pieces. In contrast to these two groups of land, the central quarters of town (3,4,9) are of average population. In the analysis of the matrix of compatibility, a series of factors have been evaluated and finally the aforementioned matrix was completed. The factors are as follows: the concentration of application, their compatibility rate (from a fully compatible spectrum to a fully incompatible one) from the viewpoint of each user's primary and essential needs such as air quality, noise, the amount of light, smell, sight, view, subordinate application size, all applications of the town, and the rate of compatibility of concentrating activities. The resulting findings of this matrix indicate that the application of higher education, green space, tourism, paved road net, and military and security zones ranges from fully compatible to fully incompatible respectively. In the analysis of suitability of the matrix, the quality and ratio of each application were studied with respect to their urban geographical features. The obtained results were analyzed in a spectrum of fully fair to fully unfair. The outcome of the aforementioned analysis implies position finding, installation of the residential application, higher education and physical education from rather fair to fully unfair that do not correspond to the needs of the town. The analysis of applications in the subordination matrix, residential applications, physical education, official applications, industrial applications and paved road net have been located on the basis of fully defined to partial defined location. Conversely educational application, green space, municipal facilities, religious application, military and security application which range from a full-non subordination to partial-non subordination are evaluated and can be accommodated in a spectrum as successive chain of municipal needs. The result of the research shows that spatial distribution of urban land use is inconsistent with common standards of the country and inconsistent land uses are the main factor in disarrangement of urban land use in the city of Marivan. The result of the qualitative evaluation of urban land use in the city according to consistency matrix, higher education, green space, tourism, road network shows a rage of absolute constituency to absolute inconsistency. In this matrix moderate consistent to absolute inconsistent alternatives are not suitable for urban needs. In relativity matrix residential land uses, higher education, sports, administration, industrial and road network are arranged from absolute independence to moderately absolute independence on the contrary, educational, green space, civic utilities, religious, military applicatios are absolute to moderately absolute.

The impact of human role in the development process of rural areas is considered to be the most vital development tool as human force plays an influential part in the development flow both, in terms of quality as well as quantity. Increase in population and lack of jobs in rural sectors has affected rural families and has lead to a migration of rural habitats towards larger urban areas in search for jobs with better income. Under such circumstances, several young rural habitats prefer to consider such temporary migration as a strategic move to combat with unemployment and after spending some time period mastering skills and earning sufficient savings, they return to the rural sectors. The main goal of this survey is to analyze such kind of migration (return of migrants) with emphasis on rural livelihood stability and its impact on human, finance, physical, social and natural capital of returning migrants and resulting outcome of such migrants and the variety of economical activities springing in such areas. Studies conducted in this avenue have shown that 9 villages in the town of Aq Qala have witnessed the return of migrants to their villages. Hence, all the 62 cases of migrants who have returned to these villages have been taken into consideration. The approach adopted in this survey is based on questionnaires completed and interviews conducted with such migrants. The results of the questionnaires have been analyzed using the T and Z descriptive statistics in the SPSS software environment and ARCGIS has been used for the preparation of map. Results show that the temporal migration of rural youngsters is the most important strategy adopted towards life management and after returning back with a hand full of experience and skills, dramatic changes can be seen in the human, financial, physical, social and natural capital status of such returning migrants. The most crucial outcomes of such kind of migration are improved incomes, better social welfare, reduced vulnerabilities, improved food security, improved san and dignity for the migrants returning to their villages. The main reason for poverty and unemployment in the surveyed area of the study is this, that the land alone cannot be used to sustain the daily increasing population of villages, therefore the livelihood of families is exposed and on the verge of Susceptibility. In this research, the yields of skilled return migrants were evaluated in respect to rural livelihood stability. The results show that there is a close relation between livelihood approaches and the informal urban sector and the return of skilled migrants back to the villages of our study resulted in the formation of new activities (industrial and services) along with earlier activities in the areas around the villages and has played an extremely important role in creating new and assured sources of income and has played an effective role in reducing the susceptibility of the families and has provided them with suitable power for managing their lives. The results of the study indicate their satisfaction in respect to their profession and skills.

The twenty-year outlook, Iran must first place in 1404 in the region, including Central Asia, Caucasus, Middle East and neighboring countries have developed is in the Indices. One of these indicators and balanced urban system decentralization. Centralists as a pattern development in Iran and neighboring countries, most of opportunity and development is allocated to. After some problems and adverse effects centralists to create an imbalance in many areas, disorganization in the urban network and capture all opportunities and equality and disturbing development in these countries have charts. According to that the size of the urban hierarchy long time the source is interesting for researchers, including discussions of the distant past, to his mind, geographer's have focused on. Formation and expertise in this kind of urban hierarchy detection rate is one of the main populations. This research study was aimed at Iran's position in terms of indicators of size distribution of cities among neighbors (including Iraq, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Bahrain, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and UAE) has been done. Chosen because neighboring countries in this study, according to a text document twenty years in which countries are "in the twenty-year Vision 1404: Iran is a developed country with first place in the Southwest Asia region, including Central Asia, Caucasus Middle East and neighboring countries". A question that this research is to find the answer is whether the size distribution of urban population in the prime focus of crystallization has been investigated in three reduced or increased. To achieve this goal, this research background initially between experts in the world spent, and then the various concepts and theories, and we introduce indices presented. In the next section using indicators measuring the amount of focus and lack of concentration during the three periods we examined. Overview of methods and criteria for measuring first shows that the city generally through the application of the three prime indicators of urban decentralization and the use of indicators to compare the size distribution of urban rank size countries comments (proposed Zypf), the rate is first examined city. This article first two methods to check the level and changes the way the first city in Urban Primacy (including Urban Primacy Index, two cities Index, Mehta's Four City Index, Ginsberg's four-city index, Moomaw index Herfindahl-Hirschman Index) and Decentralization indicators (including indicators and the Entropy index decentralization Henderson) was use. The results of applying indicators and indices of the first urban decentralization and coordinate with all the indices of the process almost the same amount of Urban Primacy developments in the countries studied shows. Indices studied, the phenomenon shows that the first city in Iran and its neighbors in all this period there was a city system is unbalanced and the unbalanced population distribution. the focus of this kind that Iran is moving toward balance. Urban Primacy Index shows first results despite the decline in the first city in the third period, in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkey and Pakistan, this index has increased. two City Index, three periods examined in balanced, but in Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Turkmenistan and Armenia have increased in other countries like Iran, has been declining. Ginsberg numerical values of the four cities showed the highest rate in the first period is related to the first city states of Armenia (4.66) then, of Afghanistan (2.48), the second and third time the two countries decreased slightly compared with the first period with the highest rate among the first countries studied urban face. Numerical values of the four city index Mehta and Richardson compared with normal values for measuring the intensity of the first city shows that the first rate cut in the city and state have been superior. Moomaw index was determined by examining the first city in the amount of 3.51 to 3.45 it has decreased. In Iraq, and Armenia increased the first city in line with our other countries is more balanced. Index Herfindahl that GM focus is shows in comparison the focus of numeric value 0.5 to 0.4 decreased during have in Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain and UAE, like Iran than focusing dropped and in other countries focus more on the city dweller is seen first. Entropy rate in this period shows the concentration and statistical imbalance is compared with the countries of Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Afghanistan have better conditions than their lower degree of focus on Iran is. Henderson decentralization index shows that in focus than the previous period, and declined to move toward balance. In Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Azerbaijan and the UAE as the balance moves in the remaining countries focus more happened. In general, you should say that increasing and decreasing trend in all indicators of the Urban Primacy been consistent and compatible with almost all the results are. So, using strategies such as decentralization policies, capital investment in infrastructure between urban and transference of authority to regional and local agencies focused too much on the first cities to avoid. Although all these strategies and programs third Iranian economic and social development was considered and proposed adopting However with the implementation and courageous policies can reduce land preparation and focus on areas of population density and activity country - which is now moving its position - a positive effect on the process of decentralization process in Tehran and the city had the first decrease and also the realization of more balanced urban network in the country reached the final step in being able to achieve goals the country twenty-year survey.

Human always meet problems that need various factors for analyses. However every factor is not equivalent and for making a goad decision must use appropriate technique. If don’t chose appreciate and flexible for analyze, will decrease access to acceptable results with high performance shush as Important problem we meet now is reclamation worn textures and central sector of city Because base on the presented data from mangers of Housing and urban planning ministry there are about 50000 H Urban worn textures in country and government able provide 11.2% required funds for rehabilitation and the rest must provide by citizen partnership. On the other hand on of the government aims is providing house by rehabilitation of worn textures for people until provide 2 million house by rehabilitation 14000 H of urban worn texture. To reach this aim we need 13000 milliard Tomans also, in new urban politics has intensify Suburbia to new urbanism because of pollution and rate of using oils and compact city strategy and acceptance development from inside strategy instead of development to outside and rehabilitation of worn texture old city central and development Abandoned Lands city central has determined for confront sporadic city development. In attention to importance of techniques in this research, the aim of this paper while introducing 3 models Analysis Hierarchy Process (AHP),Raster calculator, weighed overlay with Geographic information system (GIS) estimate and expression ability 3 models in analyzing and choosing potential priorities sites and compare then for reclamation ancient neighborhoods in central of cities such as Eidah neighborhood of Mashhad. Property of this research is combine models with spatial analyze. The models is used in this research provide possibility using of factor with various importance for making a decision in attention to introduction a question is discussed is have these models same results or not? Thus below hypothesis form that models with together have no differences in recognizes sectors have priority for reclamation in terms of number and extension and spatial variety. This research has confirmed three parts 1- describing of models 2- explanation essential properties of Eidgah neighborhood 3- performance of models in GIS and compare results For accessing to aim of research used analyses – descriptive method. Statistic social of research is Mashhad and case study is Eidgah neighborhood.For reaching the aim of passages and permanent of constructions. Each indicator has divided in sectors and gave each a score. Then skeletal features of 761 pieces of Eidgah neighborhood in extension 16hectare have recorded. The information had recorded and entered. The GIS and then maps of Eidgah neighborhood base on selected indifferent entities of indicators has uniformed them and separate in models AHP, Raster calculator, weighed overlay has performed in GIS. The base of AHP is Paired Comparison and determining priority of elements. Weighed overlay model has abilities that have been used in make decision with various indicators and various importance. In this model in attention to rate of importance of indicators, assigned a score that predicate on value of indicator. Raster calculator model also is a mean has presented by Gis that can score the indicators and their Subgroups and mingle indicators and combine different layers together that results presented in a map at 3 categories.In each model study area determined in priority area, low priority area and without priority for reclamation. The results of using AHP, Raster calculator, weighed overlay models of in order to recognition talented area for rehabilitation and reconstruction city tissue show that they could recognize top priority section in attention 5 indicators. For rehabilitation and reconstruction also, the results show that all section in studied area are not for rehabilitation while according to housing and urban planning ministry all Eidgah area considered as worn textures. So con be resulted that areas recognize as worn textures in cities form housing ministry section on that area don’t need rehabilitation and, also in attention to results the hypothesis in this search refused because the results of three models differ in number of section, spatial transmittance and extent of sections. Finally, has suggested that in rehabilitation of worn textures in city centers we need testing various models and reconstruction, this paper clear the problem somewhat and is a guide for executive management. In rehabilitation and reconstruction of worn textures and city centers, also housing and urban planning ministry for recognition of worn textures in cities needs to exert supplement indicator to accelerate worn textures rehabilitation process. Finally, among three models are used in this paper base on field visiting’s in studied area clarified weighed overlay model has better efficiency into other models.

Distressed structures is one of the fourth types of urban distressed structures that because of physical distress, non appropriate ridden availability, services facility and existence of vulnerable urban infrastructure, has a less locational, environmental and economical value. Facilities and resources limitation of the urban renovation and rehabilitation matter, before every proceed need identification of regions distress rate and priority setting for every action and investment, in related with distressed structure of each city. Western areas of Jahrom City, those are among the oldest and main zones of this city that nowadays, oldness, nonresistant building materials and poorness of residents, day to day caused of more distress of physical structure. Generally, a set of various processes caused to outbreak of decadency, Weakness and inefficiency of these structures, and can not mention only one or more little factor for that. Rate identification of western areas of Jahrom City decadency via standard indexes with general and traditional methods is impossible because of the extent of region. In this research, study and extract the urban distressed structure indexes in the western area of Jahrom by using the weighting to concerned indexes and overlay of the layers in the (GIS) system are mentioned. Used data is collected from field surveys, land use map, municipality's experts and engineer's comments. After determined distress rate of region, by geographical information system and based on each of the indexes, and shown in respective tables, each of the indexes weighted by using concerned experts comment. Finally, all related layers to each of the indexes, overlaid in mentioned system. The questions that, this research seek to answer, are determining the general decadency status of studied area according to all the standard indicators of distressed structure identification. Also, which one of these indicators has a most influence on being distressed of studied structure area? Results showed that (order): permeability index, small treat and physical strength are most effective important factors on distress severity of studied region. Considering the total data, during the overlying operations, approximately 93.18 percent of study regions, having moderate to high distressed. Influenced by each of these indicators, In terms of small treat 65.16, permeability 60.09 and physical strength 53.57 percent of total studied area, have a high and severe distress. In this region, 78.1 percent of building’s materials are brick and iron, clay and mud and impermanence buildings. Since the high impermeably, is the main problem of this area’s structure, and Pedestrian and vehicle traffic encountered to problem, preparing the plans (with attracting the participation of residents) for passages structure reform, can be a great help to fluency of this structures residents commuting flow. In terms of physical strength, just 8.7 percent of this region's structure has a low distress. whereas, danger of debris collapsing is very high in buildings, it's inevitable matter that seriously deal with construction to forced on use the durable materials including concretely, metallic and etc, that cause to more resistance of buildings and reduces this dangers, during earthquake, rain, wind and so on. In relation with small treat structures, can largely reduce the level of distress in these structures with granting privileges persuasive like buy the small treat buildings by municipality with appropriate Prices and determine the requirements land use for them, specific discount in grant construction justification and reconstruction of these distressed structures type. In the total of this 12 hectare area, about 30 percent of it, in accordance with 5 articles was approved by commission. Since according to obtained information the area has a high distress, studding the results of this research revealed that much structure of this area in terms of distress almost has similar conditions to approved areas which are not mentioned in it and demands the necessity of revision and change in the approved area. By improving the physical and social quality of housing, In addition to better services to current residents of these structures, we can return these main inhabitants of these valuable structures, that are main identities of old structure, to their original places. In this regard, ought to, with structure recognition, on the one hand have identified deficiencies and on the other hand with potential recognition, provide area for revive, investment attracting and presence of people.

Urban green space, including major applications and major cities considered that it comes as breathing lungs of cities is mentioned. Since urban space filled with smoke, tail, noise machines, factories, and motorized equipment is urban green spaces urban places that people only hours away from family and friends along with rest and pay a stylized. Due to urban green space to walk and Places of public and private gardens is a new innovation, ornamental gardens, by the ancient Egyptians and Greeks in the period is to create and maintain. Hanging Gardens of Babylon in the year 600 BC and established as one of the Seven Wonders of the World are famous (Hosseinzadeh, 1992: 12). Urban green space to a level of urban land cover man plant construction, which is also eligible for "social efficiency" and meet "ecological efficiency" are (Saieydyniya, 2004: 29). Green Space in Urban Development from the perspective of the aspects involved in that type of vegetation has been established as a vital factor and live alongside the inanimate body of the city determines the morphology of a city building. The one hand, urban open space, green space available on the receiver and the other as potential areas for development of urban green spaces are proposed (Sharifi, 8: 63). In the twenty-first century as a useful means green parks beautification enjoying fruitful trees and vegetables, green decorative alternative as currently using ornamental trees and plants such as grass cover is formed, will be. Urban Parks in the middle of this century, involved a city farms, cultivated areas, and agricultural greenhouses grow vegetables will do. Desirable for access to land use causes, such as local shops and local parks, chain stores and replace the single large parks are scattered and the desire to build several small local park where a park focused on building great strength of will in the future (Ghoddusi, 2002: 51). The importance of urban green space can be said that today climate influenced by the processes of urban density and concentration of activities in cities, it has been transformed so that the area of urban studies, and apart from a specific climate area studied. Works through the reduction of urban green space on urban ecology, particularly in the areas of climate, air, soil, groundwater and animal community is made, it is so severe that the constructive elements in the urban environment is transformed (Rahnema, 1992: 255). Since the objectives of urban planning, health, comfort, beauty, sense of security in the city environment is suitable for an urban park factors people can share their opinion about the desirability, so the ultimate goal of this study are as follows: People using your comments in the best city park model TOPSIS Prioritization according to city parks for equipping people to make more of them by the authorities providing solutions to increase efficiency and reduce public spending and reform the way deciding where switching Park City. Providing solutions to provide comfort and prosperity for all segments of society and thus help to provide social justice in the city Based on this hypothesis to the research project are: Model of decision making and TOPSIS GIS can be the best, most appropriate level of city parks and prioritize based on your specific citizens and be known. In this article, try using TOPSIS Model and GIS and incorporate the views and opinions of the city parks people Alashtar be graded and prioritized to be the best city parks with regard to factors expressed in clear and specific. Alashtar urban located in Lorestan province (western of Iran)‎. Alashtar longitude Geography 54 14 48 and latitude 32 51 33 are located. The city Alashtar city (or series)‎ is. The central part of city center is also Alashtar. According to census statistics center of Iran, Alashter city's population in 1385 was equal to 57,033 persons. Of these, 28,934 were male and the rest were female. This is 11,964 households. Population of Alashtar city is "about 30,000 people. In this research, using research papers, descriptive, analytical and field observations and survey using real parks (people)‎ data collected needed which means that information obtained in the first step decision-making matrix to scale by a matrix non-scale Entropy technique to calculate the index weights and scale matrix non-scale by the square matrix W n*m element of matrix multiplication and non-scale were obtained in harmonized scale Step ideal positive and negative indicators for each step and earned the fourth level from any item of positive and negative ideal and achieved levels close to the fifth step of each option relative to the ideal solution calculated in step Ranking sixth was to options. And digital data and digital maps stored in the database and the layering and integration of relevant maps and action plan has included the prioritization and best plan that Park City was determined.Data where needed as the current map scale of 1:1500 was Alashtar city took so desired digital map information was needed in storage in databases. Then, given the existing layers taken from the desired output maps, respectively. Also, data that people rated their city authorities took place in the respective tables and matrices were used TOPSIS model that the six stages are given below. Step One: the decision matrix, without the scale, we used type scale without making Norm has been made. In the first phase gradient map produced for this work we have used the map DEM slope map of the city and the suburbs we provide. In the second stage to create space and distance map of parks and paths were provided. In the third step for determining the conditions of high security, more resources, beautiful landscape, an area suitable for stage IV classification in this layer, which was prepared before the appropriate information in the table, each of them 1 to 10 Class were classified. Finally, using mathematical overlap overlapping layers took. Based on research findings show that the hypothesis with the help of models and GIS TOPSIS best city parks and city parks Alashtar priorities were identified, which prioritized parks having the most positive factor had been performed. Using functional models and powerful today, and guarantee a necessity and effectiveness successful Land use in urban and rural management. The study methods (TOPSIS and GIS)‎ have been used, on this basis, each of the city parks of the components mentioned study, analysis has been in six steps as TOPSIS Park Prioritization has been. In the second phase data components listed information from each of the parks into the GIS priority has been to this park also occur. In the third stage results TOPSIS model and GIS were combined and the final results and prioritize the best Park City Parks has been made. The results have shown that the Park Astvoei with CL (out)‎ 0.783 Best and highest priority is the rock park with CL 0.743. The second priority, with Rajai Park CL 0.591. The third priority and Bahonar Park with CL 0.170, fourth priority is located. Therefore, using GIS models can be applied and ability our better contraceptive use and applications of urban land and equipment and make other Land use to benefit from the current cost of duplication that increases the city.

Inequality and its different dimensions are the significant signs of underdevelopment. Regional inequalities represent a continuing development challenge in most countries, especially those with large geographic areas under their jurisdictions. Large regional disparities represent serious threats to countries as they create potential for disunity and, in extreme cases, for disintegration. Marginalized populations often are left excluded when important development and investment decisions are made. Regional disparities in Iran have been growing at an alarming rate leading to serious problems including migration with its associated problems from backward provinces to the more affluent ones. So that, the Human Development Report for Iran in 1999 reflected such disparities and reiterated that one of the major human development policies in the country’s Third Plan is to “pay attention to the spatial planning as a long-term framework for social justice and regional balance”. In order to provide a scientific basis to decrease regional inequalities, it is very necessary to comprehensively assess the status of regional development with regard to different indicators. Once this assessment is done and we get a clear idea of the backwardness of some regions, we can proceed to tackle the problems of backward regions. The aim of this study is to assessment the regional development inequalities in Iran at sub-province scale. In this way, multi criteria decision making methods were applied for evaluating regional development level of sub-provinces.

For determining the development level of sub-provinces of Iran, a national survey involving all sub-provinces of Iran (336 sub-provinces in 2006) was conducted to obtain data. The required data was mainly collected from detailed results of the last Population and Housing Census (2006) published by Statistical Centre of Iran, and statistical yearbooks of provinces of Iran in the same year. It was developed a system of 54 indicators of regional development that address economic development, agriculture, education, health, housing, infrastructure, and social- cultural attributes. The weight of indicators was calculated using AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process). Then, these weights were submitted to TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution). The development level of sub-provinces of Iran was determined based on the scores of sub-provinces as relative closeness to the ideal solution in TOPSIS method. Analysis of Coefficient of Variation was also applied to reveal regional inequalities about different dimensions of development.

At final step of the process of evaluating regional development of sub-provinces of Iran, relative closeness of sub-provinces to the ideal solution in TOPSIS method was calculated. Based on these scores, all sub-provinces were classified into 6 groups of development including highly developed, developed, relatively developed, medium level, backward and highly backward; so that 3, 12, 49, 123, 142 and 7 sub-provinces stilt in these categories, respectively. Results show a clear unevenness among sub-provinces and there is a salient system of core and periphery in respect of regional development. Shemiranat, Teharan and Damavnd stand out as the most developed sub-provinces being in the center of Iran; Nikshahr, Saravan and Sarbaz are highly backward regions located in the southeast of the country. Coefficient of Variation calculated for each group of indicators is as follows. Infrastructures: 0.622, agriculture: 0.605, housing: 0.485, education: 0.422, health: 0.398, economic: 0.320 and social- cultural attributes: 0.215. Therefore, inequalities in the indicators of infrastructures, agriculture and housing are more critical in comparison to other dimensions of development.

The results of this research showed that there are obvious differentiations among sub-provinces in development level. So, the problem of regional disparities in Iran is indeed a cause for great concern. Spatial distribution of sub-provinces with regards development level shows that an intensive system of core and periphery exist in the country. So, it is necessary to reduce regional disparities in Iran to pave way for greater national integration, increase in economic growth and political stability. It should be stressed that six highly backward sub-provinces are located in the southeastern region of Iran; so, extraordinary focus ought to be on this region to improve development level in both qualitative and quantitative aspects. However, it is urgent to improve development indicators- especially in which inequity is critical- in backward regions.

Entrepreneur is a person of very high aptitude who pioneers change, possessing characteristics found in only a very small fraction of the population. On the other extreme of definitions, anyone who wants to work for him or herself is considered to be an entrepreneur. The word Entrepreneur originates from the French word, entreprendre which means "to undertake." In a business context, it means to start a business. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary presents the definition of an entrepreneur as one who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a business or enterprise. According to the field experts, entrepreneurship is the engine of development and its further advancement is one of the possible strategies to solve the rural areas challenges, guarantee the variety of rural economy, and optimal use of rural resources. Development of small and micro businesses can transform the local economy. Tourism emerged as the largest global industry of the 20th century and is projected to grow even faster in the 21st century. Tourism as a fast growing and largest global industries is definitely a proper ground for rural entrepreneurship development. Year by the year, variety of products and increasing destinations are among important reasons for its high demand. In this research, we study rural entrepreneurship development as well as its feasibility from the tourism viewpoint. Tourism SMEs are also significant for their economic development potential. This may apply inseveral ways. First, a flourishing visitor economy or circumstances where entrepreneurs sense thatvisitors will be attracted to an area - creates opportunities for new enterprise creation. In the context of alternative tourism, this is important because in some, perhaps notably rural, localities there is littleprospect of alternative forms of investment. Though individually such businesses employ few people,collectively the employment generated by businesses reliant on visitor spend can be highly significant.Further, the development of independent businesses can mean that much of the revenue generated byvisitors stays in the locality. This is an applied research which is done according to analytic – comparative survey methods and the related data are collected from both documents (to provide theoretical and background information) and also field survey methods like questionnaire, interview and observation.Study population is the youth (15-29 years) of Eskndan and Kandovan villages. The numbers of study samples are 123 people that Cochran's formula is derived. Questionnaires for assessing the reliability of Cronbach's alpha (reliability equal to 85 percent of them) and to assess the validity of the opinions of experts, scholars and professors have been used. Study areas are Kandovan and Eskndan village in Osku city of East Azarbaijan province. To evaluate the indicators for entrepreneurship, Characteristics of entrepreneurship were compared among youth in Kandovan village as a tourism destination and Eskndan (nontouristic village) both located in the same rural district with the same conditions. Kandovan as one of the Iranian Touristic villages located at altitudes over 2,200 meters on the northern slopes of Sahand Mount in Azerbaijani. Kandovan is one of the three rock villages. Since the environment has an important role in the formation characteristics and entrepreneurial spirit. The characteristics and entrepreneurial spirit were compared among young people in two villages. The amount of risk taking among young people in two villages were compared with 8 items, the results show that risk taking among kandovans youth is higher than Eskandans youth. The second Studied feature was the creativity and innovation, and the result shows that significant differences between the youth of two villages and the average among KANDOVAN youth is higher than others. We can say that the various and new demands of tourists has increased motivation, creativity and innovation among KANDOVAN youth. Entrepreneurs owe their success to their abilities and not know the fate and destiny. To assess the impact of tourism on the confidence of youth, was used of the five items. The results show that the confidence of KANDOVAN young people is higher than Eskandan youth. This is due to the presence of tourists from different countries and regions and cultural interactions with different people in rural areas and increased communication with the outside world and increase awareness of rural youth. With four items were compared uncertainty among young people in two villages. The results showed significant differences in three itenms between young people in two villages and the mean value of the items are also among the kandovan youth is higher than Eskandan youth. The last entrepreneural charactristic was Internal Iocus of control or non fatalism. The result of the research shows there arent significant differences between two village's young people in Fatalism. We can say that tourism has no effect on reducing youth Fatalism. The main reason can be the beliefs and traditions of the villagers that are not easily changeable. Because Villagers strongly believe the fate. Tourism makes to the rural environment to stimulate entrepreneurial and dynamic economic environment. The rural environment becomes a motivating and stimulating environment for entrepreneurship. Tourism draws attention to the local authorities and various organizations to create and develop the infrastructure of the village. The new facilities and technologies such as hotels, parking, emergency facilities, IT and ICT in rural areas are crated. Financial institutions, banks and private investors due to a rapid return on investment and the possibility of high profits, are simply willing to invest in such villages. Or grants and loans to rural residents in these villages. Public awareness of villagers, especially young peoples will be promoted to cultural interaction with tourism. According to the results, unique texture, great position and magnificent tourism attractions have provided a great potential for Kandovan village to exploit tourism and entrepreneurial opportunities as much as possible. On the other hand, the results revealed that there is a significant entrepreneurial difference between Kandovan youths, as a tourism destination, and other similar rural regions like Eskandan. In fact, entrepreneurial characteristics observed in Kandovan's young peoples are more noticeable, compared to other villages.

One of the central issues in studies of political geography returns in to governments and their boundaries. Shaping how borders, borders type, borders issues and disputes arising from them are interesting debates in political geography. One of the notable points in the following discussion is the role of phenomenon of colonialism in border drawing. Essentially colonial boundaries combined and separated some societies. Hence imposed and colonial boundaries often involve the problems within their borders to the countries that are parties. The Boundaries River including the natural boundaries is considered that can disrupt economy due to natural areas or because of a shift, makes border problems for surrounding countries. Countries including Iran, which its borders on the one hand by colonialists has been drawn and the other hand is faced with several neighbors. What the studies related to political relations of countries based on river borders (like Hirmand river) is important, the pattern and form of the rivers that regard to the importance of surface water resources, plays important role in relations between countries. For example Hirmand border River as a natural and colonial- imposed border is a critical role in half of eastern of Iran. This article seeks to respond to the question is whether disputes emerged on border of Iran and Afghanistan essentially caused on morphology characteristics and natural form of Hirmand river or merely a result of political relations between two countries? Results show that “the use of the highest variability section in the bed of Hirmand in downstream of river as the common border, causing border disputes between Iran and Afghanistan since the beginning has been and “probably the ground for numerous problems for both especially would be for the Iranian section. In this study using of TM-5satelite images to analyze morphological changes of river boundary, which can be downloaded Hirmand River changing river bed maximum geographical location. 61 50 43.08 E & 31 01 54.21 N which occurred the amount equal to 249.7 m in the 20-year period from 1989 to 2009. In other words, the annual average, 12.485 meters shift and shift in the geographic location in the Hirmand River occurred. The spatial variability of the river bed or pattern of behavior in borderline range, the TM-5 satellite images with pixel sizes (resolution) 30 m in figure of10 is obvious. Like this can be said that the changes in parts of the river route is very intense and in parts it is extremely low. Other hand, for the changes in some parts of the inside Afghanistan and also in some parts of Iran are drawn toward. In this situation, during the past two decades, a place for these changes has been mainly to the territory of Afghanistan. This point means that Iran shares borders the eastern blue route downturn will rule because it is the path variability in short term and unstable features result primarily in the arterial morphology River region. According to studies done, can be Hirmand river downstream be interpreted from the type of active channels with lateral movement. The river downstream of the establishment because in a plain with low gradients and wide bed admission, arterial pattern is primarily a function of evidence and in the images used in this pattern is visible. Most important of geomorphologic evidence of arterial pattern in the river are: alluvial plains being, multiple branching sub-river drainages, and the presence of islands or barriers to flow longitudinally in the river bed. As a result we can say that redirects Hirmand River in the coming years, causing more tensions between Iran and Afghanistan over the water share would be. The morphology features creates many complex issues in the legal system of rivers that political relations between the countries under its influence are supported. Historical reviews show that the forming of Hirmand River border from the beginning has been according of the colonial interest's of Great Britain. So that by arbitration in accordance McMahon & Goldsmith, the river borders of two countries deliberately on one of the most variability of river sections where the river is multiple brunching and arterial, is located (input and plug the dam Kahak). While, Morphology of the rivers like Hirmand river are having the highest variability than the other models. Hirmand issue is the most basic cases that relations between Iran and Afghanistan at the neighborhood level is affected so that 12 diplomatic crisis and 27 bilateral negotiated to resolve it is due. To summarize, the main outcomes from changes of the bed morphology of this river that have been causing stress include: the two countries disputes over the precise determination of the border of river, the differences between the two countries in the distribution of water right, changes in the border area and territory.

The concept of courtiers territorial integrity, according to Political Geography researchers, has noticeable impartment in its function and content. In early centuries, thinkers emphasized the nature and quality of territory on formation of an ideal and independent country, and supply its material and spiritual, needs. In the contemporary world, territory is geographical area with distinctive peripheral boundaries. It gives a geographical structure to the legal aspect of sovereignty. Nowadays, preservation of independence and territorial integrity is a universal, lofty common principle. The UN, International law, and countries constitution are the most important herald of this perspective, Although it seems government construction and country's geographical territory has changed in the 21 the century, one of these changes is transformation in Islamic world view, according to toughie (prevarication) and necessity principle. But the principle of preservation of territorial integrity will remain constant. In spite of dominance of Droll-Islam thoughts and ommah centric in formation IRI's constitution, allocation seven articles. For national territory, and nucleating are preservation of territorial and preservation of territorial integrity are its evident characteristic's and preparation. Also unalterable boundaries based government Also unalterable boundaries unless the approval of three powers and leadership is considerable. In this research, main method is analytic- descriptive and according to its methodological nature is on the basis of library data. It is fulfilled by collected theatrical bases and scientific backgrounds. We use deductive method in practical stages of research. It is necessary to determine territory and scope of one land in order to establish national identity. In these days, most of nations and all of the legal and international institutions consider the principle of territorial integrity and independent as a universal principle. The existence of seven articles in IRI's constitution about preservation of territorial integrity indicates the importance of ational territory and its preservation in Islamic of Iran. It can identified two different views in political feghh (religious rules) of Islam and Islamic republic of Iran about national territory and territorial integrity. The first is cause of intellectual- ideological bases of early Islamic jurisprudents who believe in ideological boundaries of Islam. The latter is belong to recent Islamic juris- prudent. They believe that is Islamic governments can have definite geographical boundaries and relations with Islamic and non-Islamic countries. IRI's constitution influenced by the second view.

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